1. Protein intake

Dialysis patients need adequate supplements of high-quality protein to maintain muscle mass and normal metabolism. High-quality protein sources such as eggs, milk, fish and lean meats are recommended. The daily protein intake should be about 1 to 1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight, and the specific demand can be adjusted according to the number and time of dialysis.

2. Calorie intake

The total daily caloric intake of hemodialysis patients should be 125 to 190 kilojoules (30 to 35 kcal)/kg body weight. Sufficient calories can help patients maintain good mental state and physical strength.

3. Balanced nutrient ratio

The energy supply ratio of carbohydrates should be 55% to 60%, fat 20% to 30%, protein 15% to 20%. Patients should limit their fat intake, choose vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and consume refined carbohydrates in moderation.

4. Water control

Dialysis patients should strictly control their water intake to avoid edema and hypertension. Patients are advised to adjust the amount of water they drink according to urine volume and body weight, and it is usually recommended that weight gain not exceed 3% to 5% of dry body weight between dialysis sessions.

5. Low potassium and low phosphorus diet

Hyperkalemia is an important risk factor for dialysis patients, so potassium intake should be strictly controlled and high-potassium foods such as bananas, oranges, spinach should be avoided. Similarly, phosphorus intake should be limited and foods high in phosphorus such as dairy products, nuts and legumes should be avoided.

6. Exercise properly

Although the physical condition of dialysis patients may be weak, proper exercise can help improve immunity and cardiopulmonary function, strengthen muscle strength, and prevent muscle atrophy.